Dog Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Photos, Causes & What Helps

Cover: Malassezia otitis in a dog. Photo: Peano et al., 2020, Fig. 2 · CC BY 4.0. Resized for display.

Written by the Pure Majesty Pets editorial team for UK dog owners. Checked against the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) consensus guidelines, UK first-opinion data from the Royal Veterinary College's VetCompass programme and PDSA owner guidance. Last updated: 7 October 2026.

Quick answer: a dog yeast infection is an overgrowth of Malassezia pachydermatis, a yeast that normally lives in small numbers on healthy canine skin. A yeast infection in dogs shows up as greasy, red, itchy skin with a musty smell — usually in the ears, between the toes and in skin folds — and in Britain it tends to flare in damp, mild spells, when paws, ears and folds rarely dry out properly. Your vet confirms it with cytology (a quick tape or swab test), treats it with an antifungal shampoo, ear drops or tablets, and looks for whatever let it overgrow, which is usually allergy.

For the daily, inside-out layer alongside your vet's plan, our top pick for UK owners is Pure Majesty Pets Dog Yeast Infection Treatment drops: 19 named actives at roughly 292 mg of active support per mL — caprylic acid, apple cider vinegar, oregano, salmon oil and zinc among them — mixed into food. They cost £25, delivery to the UK is free, and duties and VAT are prepaid, so there is nothing to pay the courier or Royal Mail on the doorstep.

See real clinical photos ↓

Real photos of dog yeast infections

These clinical photographs from peer-reviewed veterinary publications show dogs with Malassezia-associated skin disease — the picture UK vets see week in, week out once the wet months arrive. Tap any photo to view it at full size.

What a dog yeast infection is

A dog yeast infection is an overgrowth of Malassezia pachydermatis, a yeast that already lives on every healthy dog's skin, in the ear canals, around the lips and between the toes. It becomes a problem only when the skin's conditions change and let it multiply. The result is greasy, reddened, itchy skin with a distinctive musty or sour smell — most often in the ears, between the toes, in skin folds and around the groin. It is not caught from another dog, and in most cases it is a symptom of something underneath it, usually allergy.

Britain gives this yeast a head start. The Met Office records roughly 155 to 160 days a year with at least 1 mm of rain (1991–2020 averages), so many British dogs come home from walks with wet feet, damp ear canals and soggy armpits most days from autumn to spring — then curl up in a centrally heated house where skin folds stay warm. The UK vet group Vets4Pets notes that dogs with heavy, furry ear flaps are more prone to ear yeast, and the Royal Veterinary College's VetCompass data (below) shows the breeds UK vets see it in most.

What follows is a triage guide. It tells you what you are probably looking at, whether it can wait until Monday, and what to avoid doing in the meantime. For the wider British picture — which breeds are most at risk, how the weather plays in and how diagnosis works at a UK practice — see our guide to dog yeast infection in the UK.

What I'm seeing, what it probably is, what to do

Start here. Find the body part, read across.

If more than two zones are involved at once, treat that as a whole-body signal rather than six local problems. Widespread yeast in an adult dog points to atopic dermatitis, food allergy, or a hormonal (endocrine) disease such as an underactive thyroid or Cushing's.

British owners have one extra suspect to rule out from late summer onwards: harvest mites. The PDSA notes these tiny bright-orange mites are most active from July to November and bite between the toes, on the feet, legs, armpits and tummy — exactly where yeast likes to live. Look closely for red-orange dots in the fur, and if the itchy feet started after walks through long grass or stubble fields in August or September, tell your vet; the treatment is completely different.

What it looks like at each stage

Before the descriptions, the honest caveat: no image on the internet, including ours, can diagnose your dog. Malassezia dermatitis, staphylococcal pyoderma, demodicosis and contact reactions overlap visually and frequently coexist on the same dog. The staging below tells you how urgent it is and how long recovery is likely to take. It does not tell you what the organism is — cytology does that.

Early stage

Skin looks slightly pink rather than red. The coat parts easily and the skin underneath feels a little tacky. Your dog licks a paw more than usual, typically in the evening after the day's walks. There may be no smell yet, or only a faint one when you press your nose to the fur. Between the toes, the first visible sign is often rust-coloured saliva staining rather than redness — easiest to spot on a white Westie, a cream Cockapoo or a pale Labrador. Caught here, most cases respond to topical treatment within two to three weeks.

Established

The smell arrives. Brown, greasy discharge collects in the folds and between the toes. Skin is clearly red, often with yellowish or greyish scale that flakes off when rubbed. Licking becomes constant and the dog resents having the area handled. This is the stage most owners photograph and search for. It needs a vet appointment, and the underlying cause usually needs investigating at the same time.

Chronic

Skin turns grey-black and thickens into a leathery, ridged texture — hyperpigmentation and lichenification. Hair thins or disappears. The smell is strong enough to notice from across the room. Chronic changes take months to develop and months to reverse, and some pigment change is permanent. Black spots on the skin at this stage are usually post-inflammatory pigment, not the yeast itself; hard, flaking crusts suggest a mixed infection that your vet should swab.

Yeast, bacteria, allergy or mites?

You can read useful clues at home. You cannot reach a diagnosis at home. Here is what is genuinely observable.

The limit, stated plainly: these categories are not exclusive. A dog with atopic dermatitis commonly has yeast and staphylococcal overgrowth at the same time, with the allergy driving both. A strip of clear tape pressed to the skin, stained and read under the microscope gives the answer in under ten minutes: Malassezia appear as peanut- or footprint-shaped budding cells. It is one of the cheaper tests on a UK vet bill, and it settles what weeks of guessing cannot.

Because so many British skin problems mimic yeast — harvest mites in late summer, pollen allergy in spring and early summer, fox mange, grass seeds lodged between the toes — we have put the common mix-ups side by side in a separate guide: dog yeast infection or something else? UK lookalikes to rule out.

The smell decoder

Owners often notice the smell before any skin change, so it helps to know which smells are normal.

• Tortilla chips or popcorn, from the paws only, mild, with normal-looking skin. Usually harmless. It comes from ordinary bacteria and yeast living in the moist environment between the pads. No redness, no licking, no action needed.
• Musty or sour, sometimes bread-like, spreading beyond the paws. This is the smell of yeast overgrowth. It gets stronger in damp, muggy weather and after the dog has been lying down — and it often hangs around a dog bed after a run of wet walks.
• Foul or rotten, sometimes fishy. Think bacterial infection, an anal gland problem or dental disease rather than yeast.
• Sweet and acetone-like on the breath. Unrelated to skin. Ring your vet the same day, as it can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis.

A practical test: wash the area, dry it completely, wait an hour. Normal paw odour fades. Yeast odour comes back.

What not to do

This section exists because these four things turn up constantly in online advice and on social media, and all four can make your dog worse.

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the cells that rebuild skin. It delays wound healing, which is why modern wound-care guidance stopped pouring it into open wounds. Yeast dermatitis almost always comes with scratches and raw patches, so the skin you would be dabbing it on is exactly the skin that cannot afford it.

One distinction, because it causes confusion: hydrogen peroxide has been used to make dogs vomit after poisoning, and that is something only a vet should direct. It is a separate use and says nothing about putting it on skin.

Tea tree oil

The strongest data come from Khan, McLean and Slater (JAVMA 2014;244(1):95-99), who reviewed 443 cases reported to a US animal poison control centre over ten years, covering 337 dogs and 106 cats. In 89% of cases the oil had been applied on purpose by the owner, and 77% of the animals developed an adverse reaction — depression, weakness, wobbliness and muscle tremors, appearing two to twelve hours after application. The authors concluded that tea tree oil is not recommended for dogs and cats.

The UK advice is just as clear. The Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), the London-based service behind the Animal PoisonLine, says pure tea tree oil should never be applied to a pet's skin or fur or given by mouth; even a few drops of 100% oil on the skin can cause drooling, lethargy, weakness, wobbliness, tremors and collapse, and deaths have been reported. If it has already gone on, wash it off with detergent (washing-up liquid) and water and phone your vet or the Animal PoisonLine on 01202 509000. Small dogs, and any dog that licks the treated area, are at highest risk.

Human antifungal medicines

Never give a human antifungal without your vet's direction, and we will not publish doses. Two specifics worth knowing. Fluconazole — the capsule many people keep after buying it from the chemist for thrush — has only weak evidence in canine Malassezia dermatitis. Oral nystatin is not absorbed from the gut at all, so it cannot reach the skin whatever the dose. Antifungal creams from the pharmacy shelf are a poor fit too: a dog licks them off within minutes. There is a broader problem as well: repeatedly giving antifungals without dealing with the allergy underneath selects for resistant M. pachydermatis, which makes the next flare harder to treat.

Vinegar on broken skin, and anything in a painful ear

Apple cider vinegar is acidic enough to cause chemical burns: Elhage and colleagues (2022) documented burns and tissue damage from vinegar applied to damaged skin. It may also harm the inner ear if the eardrum is perforated, and you cannot see a perforated eardrum from the outside. Nothing goes into a painful ear before your vet has looked with an otoscope. On whether it works at all, two human clinical trials of dilute vinegar soaks came back negative (Luu and colleagues, 2019; a 2021 PLOS One randomised trial). We would rather tell you that than sell you the idea.

A word on coconut oil

Malassezia is lipophilic: it depends on fats to grow because it cannot make its own fatty acids. Smearing a heavy oil on affected skin can feed it rather than starve it. This is the clearest example of a broader trap — an ingredient that suppresses yeast in a petri dish may do the opposite on a living dog.

If you want a safe routine to follow at home once your vet has confirmed the diagnosis — how to bathe, how long to leave the shampoo on and how to dry a dog properly after a wet British walk — our dog yeast infection home treatment plan for wet weather walks you through it week by week.

Why it keeps coming back

Malassezia pachydermatis is a commensal. It lives on healthy dogs — in the ear canals, around the lips, between the toes — and does nothing. Overgrowth happens when the skin's conditions change: moisture, altered skin oils, a damaged barrier, or a weakened local immune response.

The most common drivers, roughly in order: atopic dermatitis and food allergy; hormonal disease including Cushing's, an underactive thyroid and diabetes; a bacterial skin infection running alongside; anatomy such as deep skin folds and heavy, hairy ears; and steroid treatment.

The mechanism behind recurrence is worth understanding. A 2020 study using Malassezia-specific IgE testing found the antibody in 9 of 15 dogs (60%) with non-food-induced atopic dermatitis, compared with 6 of 37 dogs (16%) whose atopic dermatitis was food-induced. In an allergic dog the yeast is not simply irritating the skin — it is an allergen. That has two consequences most articles miss. First, the number of yeast organisms on cytology does not match how much the dog is suffering: a modest population can drive severe itch in a sensitised dog. Second, knocking the yeast back gives temporary relief and reliable relapse, because the sensitisation is still there.

The loop runs like this: allergy causes itch, the dog licks and chews, saliva keeps the skin wet, moisture plus a broken barrier lets yeast multiply, the yeast triggers more itch in a sensitised dog, and the licking increases. Any plan that breaks only one link fails. Controlling the allergy breaks it at the source — and drying the skin properly after every wet walk takes away the moisture link that British weather keeps supplying.

Which UK dogs get it most

UK first-opinion data from the RVC's VetCompass programme show where yeast-prone skin and ears cluster. In a study of 6,605 West Highland White Terriers under UK vet care in 2016, skin disorders were the most common group of problems, recorded in 22.7% of Westies in a single year, with ear inflammation (otitis externa) in 10.6% and allergic skin disease in 6.5% (O'Neill et al., 2019). Skin folds are the other hotspot: across 905,553 UK dogs, English Bulldogs had 49 times, French Bulldogs 26 times and Pugs 16 times the odds of crossbreeds of being diagnosed with skin fold dermatitis (O'Neill et al., 2022). Ears are the commonest site of all — a separate VetCompass study found 7.3% of UK dogs were diagnosed with otitis externa in a year, with Basset Hounds at almost six times the odds of crossbreeds. If your dog's breed is on these lists, recurrences are the rule rather than the exception, and our guide to recurring yeast infections in dogs explains how to plan for them.

What actually works

Topical treatment, the foundation

The WAVD clinical consensus guidelines — whose first author, Ross Bond, is based at the Royal Veterinary College — put topical therapy first for Malassezia dermatitis. The reference regimen is a shampoo containing 2% miconazole with 2% chlorhexidine, used twice weekly, with a 10-minute contact time before rinsing. In the UK that combination is sold as Malaseb and is a POM-V medicine, so it starts with a vet consultation. The contact time is the part owners skip and the part that matters: a 30-second lather does very little.

Maynard and colleagues (2011), in a 67-dog randomised trial, recorded reductions in yeast counts of at least 88% with this approach. They also found no significant difference between the miconazole–chlorhexidine combination and 3% chlorhexidine used alone, which suggests chlorhexidine is doing much of the work. That is useful in Britain, because chlorhexidine-only washes such as Douxo S3 PYO (3% chlorhexidine) are sold without a prescription — handy for maintenance between flares once your vet has confirmed what you are dealing with.

Oral antifungals, when topical is not enough

For widespread or stubborn cases, vets use antifungal tablets or liquids. Evidence strength varies: ketoconazole and itraconazole carry moderate evidence in canine Malassezia dermatitis, while fluconazole and terbinafine carry weak evidence. All are prescription-only, they need liver monitoring on longer courses and they interact with other drugs. In the UK the ketoconazole tablets authorised for dogs are licensed for ringworm and the itraconazole solution is authorised for cats, so for yeast your vet prescribes them under the cascade — the Veterinary Medicines Directorate rules that allow a vet to use a medicine outside its licence when no authorised product fits. That is routine, not a red flag. Dosing belongs with your vet.

Ears

Ear yeast is treated with a medicated ear preparation once an otoscope check confirms the eardrum is intact. Most UK-licensed ear products for yeast are POM-V combinations of an antifungal with an anti-inflammatory, and many contain an antibiotic as well. For a dog with repeated yeast-only ear flare-ups, it is reasonable to ask your vet whether an antibiotic is needed every time — cytology answers that too. Between flare-ups, regular gentle cleaning with a chlorhexidine-free cleaner such as our Dog Ear Cleaner (£23, pH 5.0–5.5) keeps wax and moisture down, provided your vet has confirmed the eardrum is intact.

The part that decides success

Treating the yeast without finding out what let it overgrow produces a dog who improves for a month and comes back. If this is the second episode, ask your vet about a food trial, an allergy work-up, or thyroid and adrenal blood tests. The PDSA explains that a food trial means feeding a veterinary diet and nothing else — no treats, no dental sticks — for six to twelve weeks, and that blood tests for food allergy in dogs are not accurate, so the trial is the test. For every option above in more depth, from medicated shampoos to tablets, read our full guide to dog yeast infection treatment; for what UK vets prescribe and what it costs — including the Competition and Markets Authority's £21 cap on written prescription fees, being phased in during 2027 — see dog yeast infection treatment in the UK.

Day 7, day 14, day 28

The failure threshold is 7 to 10 days. Getting worse at any point, or no change by day 10, means the situation needs re-evaluating rather than more of the same.

Myths and facts

• Myth: your dog caught it. Malassezia pachydermatis already lives on your dog. Overgrowth is a change in conditions, not transmission from the dog next door or the daycare.
• Myth: sugar in food feeds the yeast. Skin Malassezia depends on fats, not sugar. Diet matters mostly through food allergy.
• Myth: more yeast on the slide means a sicker dog. Counts and severity do not track together, because sensitised dogs react strongly to small populations.
• Myth: if it comes back, the treatment failed. Usually the treatment worked and the cause was never addressed — or the dog went straight back to coming home soaked and not being dried.
• Myth: a dog that swims or walks in the rain needs more baths. Over-bathing with the wrong product strips the skin barrier. What helps is drying thoroughly afterwards, and medicated baths only as your vet directs.
• Fact: it can affect people, but rarely. M. pachydermatis is documented as a rare opportunistic infection in people with weakened immune systems, notably in neonatal intensive care via hand carriage. For a healthy household the risk is negligible. Wash your hands after treating your dog.

Red flags: ring the vet now

Severe untreated yeast disease is rarely fatal in itself, but it can be the visible sign of a serious underlying illness, and a secondary bacterial infection in a dog that is already unwell can become dangerous. If you are worried, ring — UK vet practices would much rather see a dog early than late.

What the research does and doesn't show about nutrition

This is the section most brands leave out, so we will be direct about where the evidence runs out.

What research supports. Zinc has a well-described role in canine skin health — zinc-responsive dermatosis is a recognised condition — and zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal skin and coat. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids have evidence in canine allergic skin disease, where they may support skin comfort as part of a broader plan. Studies of the canine microbiome consistently find lower diversity in atopic dogs than in healthy dogs.

What research does not support, and we will not imply. The microbiome finding is an association, and it concerns atopic dermatitis, not Malassezia overgrowth. Nobody has shown that gut imbalance causes yeast overgrowth on the skin, or that changing the gut microbiome changes Malassezia numbers on the skin surface. Current research does not show that berberine, oregano extract or caprylic acid taken by mouth reduce Malassezia on canine skin. Those ingredients have laboratory data showing activity against yeast in culture — but a petri dish is not a dog. An oral dose has to survive digestion, reach the bloodstream at a meaningful concentration and arrive at the skin surface, and for these compounds in dogs that chain has not been demonstrated.

UK law backs up that honesty. Dog supplements are sold as complementary feed under UK feed law, overseen by local Trading Standards and the Food Standards Agency, and they may not claim to treat or prevent disease. If a supplement on a British shelf claims to treat a yeast infection, treat that as a red flag about the brand, not a reason to buy. We will also not print a laboratory minimum inhibitory concentration next to our own ingredient list and let you draw the conclusion — that juxtaposition is misleading.

On probiotics. Some products, ours included, use non-living postbiotic yeast cell wall fractions. Studies done with live organisms do not transfer to non-living fractions, and citing them would be misleading, so we do not.

Where a supplement can honestly sit

After the vet's diagnosis, after the topical plan, and while the underlying cause is being addressed, nutritional support has a supporting role — it is not a treatment.

Our dog yeast infection treatment drops — a support formula, not a substitute for the veterinary care described above — are built on that premise. We publish the full composition with the milligram dose of each of the 19 actives, which is unusual in this category and deliberate, because many itch and yeast supplements sold in the UK hide their doses inside a "proprietary blend". Per 1 mL: caprylic acid (MCT C8) 45 mg, MSM 45 mg, wild Pacific salmon oil 35 mg, L-glutamine 25 mg, Saccharomyces boulardii postbiotic 20 mg, apple cider vinegar 18 mg, NAC 18 mg, berberine (Berberis aristata) 15 mg, quercetin 15 mg, Pau d'Arco 8 mg, calendula 8 mg, oregano standardised to 70% carvacrol 4 mg (about 2.8 mg carvacrol) and zinc 2 mg, on a botanical base of pumpkin, slippery elm, marshmallow root, DGL liquorice, aloe and ginger — roughly 292 mg of active support in every mL.

Being transparent means telling you that only some of those doses are backed by meaningful evidence. Zinc, at 2 mg per mL, contributes to the maintenance of normal skin and coat. The wild Pacific salmon oil supplies long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. The remaining botanicals are included at supportive levels, well below those used in the laboratory studies they are associated with, and we say so rather than letting a familiar ingredient name do the persuading. You give the drops with food, dosed to your dog's weight per the label, which suits fussy eaters and small breeds that will not take a chew.

Why British owners order them: £25 a bottle, free delivery to the UK, and duties and VAT prepaid — so no surprise customs charge from the courier or Royal Mail when the parcel arrives. Every batch is made in North America under GMP and comes with a certificate of analysis. If your vet also recommends digestive support — after a course of antibiotics, for example — our Liquid Probiotic for Dogs (£27) pairs naturally with the drops.

Precautions worth knowing before giving any botanical supplement. Pau d'Arco contains lapachol, which has a warfarin-like anticoagulant action, so avoid it in dogs on blood thinners, with clotting disorders or scheduled for surgery. Berberine inhibits CYP450 liver enzymes and can alter the metabolism of other medicines. Botanicals including berberine, liquorice, oregano and Pau d'Arco lack safety data in pregnant and nursing dogs and should be avoided there. Extra zinc can interfere with copper absorption if your dog already gets another mineral supplement. Discuss any supplement with your vet, particularly if your dog takes prescription medication.

Frequently asked questions

Can a yeast infection kill a dog?

Very rarely, and almost never directly. Malassezia overgrowth is a skin disease, not a whole-body one, in dogs with a normal immune system. The danger is indirect: severe untreated disease can allow a serious secondary bacterial infection, and widespread yeast can be the visible sign of an untreated hormonal disorder that is itself dangerous. Persistent or spreading disease should be investigated by your vet, not endured.

Is a dog yeast infection contagious to other dogs or to people?

Essentially no. Malassezia pachydermatis is a normal inhabitant of canine skin, so other dogs already carry it. Human infection is documented but rare and largely confined to people with weakened immune systems and neonatal intensive care settings, usually spread on hands. Washing your hands after treating your dog is enough for a healthy household.

Does hydrogen peroxide kill yeast on dogs?

It has antimicrobial activity in a test tube, but it is also toxic to the skin cells that repair damage and it delays wound healing. Because yeast dermatitis usually comes with scratched, broken skin, it is the wrong tool in the wrong place. Use the medicated shampoo or wash your vet recommends instead.

Can I give my dog fluconazole (Diflucan) for a yeast infection?

Only if your vet prescribes it. Fluconazole has weak evidence in canine Malassezia dermatitis compared with ketoconazole or itraconazole, needs dosing by weight and liver monitoring, and interacts with other drugs. The thrush capsule from a UK chemist is the wrong strength and the wrong decision to make alone.

How long does a dog yeast infection last?

With appropriate treatment, mild localised cases usually improve within 7 days and settle in 2 to 4 weeks. Chronic cases with thickened, darkened skin take 6 to 12 weeks, and pigment changes can persist longer. No improvement by day 10 means the plan needs revisiting with your vet.

Why does my dog keep getting yeast infections?

Almost always because the underlying driver has not been treated — most commonly atopic dermatitis or food allergy, sometimes an underactive thyroid, Cushing's disease or diabetes. In the UK, constant damp from wet walks keeps the moisture link in the cycle going. Because Malassezia is a normal skin resident, removing it never removes the conditions that let it overgrow. Recurrence is a signal to investigate the cause, not just to repeat the shampoo.

How can I tell the difference between yeast and allergies?

They are usually not alternatives, because allergy is often what caused the yeast. Practical clues: yeast brings odour, greasy brown discharge and warm, moist locations, while allergy alone tends to be seasonal, itchy without much discharge, and affects the face, feet, ears and armpits. Cytology confirms yeast; the allergy diagnosis takes a food trial or allergy testing.

Is my dog's ear infection yeast or bacterial?

Brown, waxy discharge that looks like coffee grounds, with a sweet-sour smell, suggests yeast. Yellow or green creamy discharge with a foul smell suggests bacteria. Many dogs have both. Because the treatment differs and the eardrum must be checked before anything goes in, this one genuinely needs a vet visit.

What is the fastest way to get rid of yeast on a dog?

Confirmation by cytology at your vet practice, then a 2% miconazole with 2% chlorhexidine shampoo (a POM-V medicine in the UK) twice weekly with a full 10-minute contact time, plus treatment of whatever caused the overgrowth. Skipping the diagnosis to save a week usually costs a month.

Can I soak my dog's paws?

A medicated antifungal foot soak recommended by your vet can help, particularly for yeast between the toes, and drying thoroughly afterwards matters as much as the soak itself — especially after wet UK walks. Do not improvise a soak with vinegar or peroxide on skin that is broken or raw.

Which dog breeds get yeast infections most often in the UK?

UK VetCompass data point to West Highland White Terriers (skin disorders were the most common problem group, recorded in 22.7% of Westies in a year), the flat-faced fold breeds — English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs have many times the odds of skin fold dermatitis — and long-eared breeds such as Basset Hounds for ear disease. Any dog with allergies can be affected.

Do you deliver the yeast drops to the UK, and will I pay customs?

Yes. Delivery to the UK is free, and duties and VAT are prepaid, so there is nothing to pay the courier or Royal Mail when the parcel arrives. The drops cost £25.

References

1. Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, et al. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol. 2020;31(1):28-74. PMID 31957204. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809.
2. Maynard L, Rème CA, Viaud S. Comparison of two shampoos for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis: a randomised controlled trial. J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52(11):566-572. PMID 21985533.
3. Ishimaru H, Okamoto N, Fujimura M, et al. IgE sensitivity to Malassezia pachydermatis and mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2020;226:110070. PMID 32492589.
4. Khan SA, McLean MK, Slater MR. Concentrated tea tree oil toxicosis in dogs and cats: 443 cases (2002-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(1):95-99. DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.1.95.
5. Elhage KG, St Claire K, Daveluy S. Acetic acid and the skin: a review of vinegar in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2022. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15804.
6. Luu LA, et al. Apple cider vinegar soaks as a treatment for atopic dermatitis do not improve skin barrier integrity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(5):634-639. PMID 31328306.
7. Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis. PLOS One. 2021. PMID 34077434.
8. O'Neill DG, Volk AV, Soares T, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, Pegram C. Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view. Canine Med Genet. 2021;8:7. DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00106-1.
9. O'Neill DG, et al. West Highland White Terriers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2016: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol. 2019. DOAJ record.
10. O'Neill DG, Rowe D, Brodbelt DC, Pegram C, Hendricks A. Ironing out the wrinkles and folds in the epidemiology of skin fold dermatitis in dog breeds in the UK. Sci Rep. 2022. RVC repository.
11. PDSA. Harvest mites in dogs; Food allergies in dogs. PDSA Pet Health Hub.
12. Veterinary Poisons Information Service. Tea tree oil toxicosis.
13. Vets4Pets. Yeast infections in dogs.
14. Veterinary Medicines Directorate. The cascade: prescribing unauthorised medicines. GOV.UK.
15. Met Office. UK days of rain ≥1 mm, HadUK-Grid series (1991–2020 averages).